Forecasting Inventory Needs
If you are a manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer and have repetitive orders of the same products, you have undoubtedly asked yourself at what stock level you need to replenish your inventory. The goal is to reduce inventory levels while being able to fill most of the orders that come through the door. Here’s how.
Lead Time
When you place a purchase order with a supplier, it will take some time for the inventory to reach your door. This is called lead time. A local supplier’s lead time may be one to four days, while an overseas supplier’s may be four weeks. Therefore, you should have at least enough inventory to last during the lead time.
Many things can happen during the lead time period. The supplier may delay in delivering your order, for example, or you may get an unexpected bounce in sales. So in addition to having enough stock during the typical lead time, you should also keep a bit extra, known as safety stock. The reorder point, therefore, is calculated as follows:
Reorder point = lead time demand + safety stock
Lead time demand is what you expect to sell during the lead time period and is calculated as follows:
Lead time demand = lead time (usually in days) x forecasted daily unit sales.
If the lead time is 14 days and the forecast is three units per day, for example, the lead time demand is 42 units.
Reorder Point
To calculate the reorder point, you need to know forecasted daily unit sales. Some businesses know this exact number because they already have standing orders from their customers. Other businesses, such as retail, look at past sales to determine this number. When looking at past sales, consider seasonal fluctuations. For example, if you sell snow boots, you would not look at January sales when forecasting for July; you would base the forecast on the previous year’s July sales.
The final piece of the reorder point calculation is safety stock, which is that bit extra just in case. The calculations for safety stock can be simple or extremely complicated, depending on whom you ask. Many people opt for the simple solution:
Safety stock = lead time demand x 50%
This simply states that your safety stock is half of the lead time demand. So if the lead time demand is 42, safety stock is 21. So now you can calculate the reorder point, which is 63 (42 + 21).
Reorder Amount
There are a number of calculations for determining what the report point might
be. One is using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) which I describe
below. Another approach uses the Min/Max.
When the inventory stock level reaches a certain minimun quantity the minimum
(min), the order quantity should bring the quantity to the maximum allowable.
The 'min' is the Reorder Point calculated above. The Max could be a
percentage of the reorder point. Assume in the Min=63 and Max is 80
and there are 40 unit in stock, the order amount will be 40 as follows:
If Stock is less than 63, Reorder amount = Max - In Stock
EOQ is designed to minimize inventory carrying costs. Inventory carrying includes interest, taxes, insurance, and temporary storage (not rent, which you must pay regardless of inventory level).
Reorder Amount ==
√( 2 x AU x OC ) / (ACC)
AU = annual usage in units
OC = order cost
ACC= annual carrying cost per unit
This formula looks more complicated than it is. The annual usage is an easy number. This is how much you sold or used in production in a year. The order cost represents the cost of processing a purchase order from quote to payment. For a small business, you can use $15; for larger businesses, use $30. For the annual carrying cost per unit, use the cost of the product multiplied by 10 percent.
Continuing from the previous example, let’s see the following values.
AU = 1000
OC = 15
ACC= $2 ($20 cost of product x 10%)
Reorder Amount =
√( 2 x 1000 x 15 ) / (2) = 123 units
So when the stock level reaches 63 units, you place a purchase order for 123 units.
The good news is that inventory software will do most of the calculations for
you. Morever, software like All Orders by NumberCruncher will calculate
the reorder points and lead times and also generate purchase orders for multiple
vendors with one click of the button.
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